Where do the parties stand – election 2021

With the 2021 federal election quickly approaching, I looked at the party platforms to see what mentions there were of literacy, skills, training, and credential recognition. I searched platform documents by keyword. The mentions I discovered can be found in the document below.

election-2021-party-platformsDownload

The NDP has a reference to literacy and essential skills, the only party to do so:

“…we’ll work closely with the provinces to establish national training priorities, and create a new Workers Development and Opportunities Fund to expand training options beyond people who qualify for EI. This fund will be provincially directed, with dedicated support for marginalized workers, those in transitioning sectors and for efforts to improve literacy and essential skills. (Page 33 – italics are mine)”

Training

The Conservative Party proposes an investment in a Canada Job Training Fund. The fund would provide grants to employers, apprenticeship training delivery agents, unions, post-secondary institutions, and community organizations for projects that provide training to laid off workers and traditionally underrepresented groups. The party also pledges to create a Working Canadian Training Loan of up to $10,000. Interestingly, these commitments were listed twice in the platform document. The second mention of the Working Canadian Training Loan depicts it as:

“…empowering workers to determine what training they need rather than having the government tell them. (Page 43)”

The Conservatives would also create a fund that would assist women in shelters with career training.

The Green Party’s training proposals focus on training for high paying green sector jobs. It also proposes to increase the Canada Training Benefit to support continuous learning.

The Liberal Party commits to doubling the Union Training and Innovation program, creating opportunities for young people to work with business to adopt new technology, and invest in training for green jobs. It also outlines a plan to improve access to training by requiring businesses to include wrap-around supports – transportation to and from the training program, computers, food, referral to counselling, housing, and legal support, support in finding childcare, and mentoring or coaching.

The NDP proposes to require businesses to spend at least 1% of payroll on training. It also commits to lifelong access to publicly funded education including skills development and retraining programs. The platform proposes using EI to support return to school and to provide options for re-training before job loss. A new Workers Development and Opportunities Fund would target those who do not qualify for EI. Training would focus on traditionally underemployed groups and adapting to new technologies.

Indigenous Peoples

The Conservative Party would fund the hiring and training of economic development officers, work with Indigenous communities to access apprenticeship programs, and invest in trades training.

The NDP pledges to partner with Indigenous peoples on employment training, particularly by using Community Benefit Agreements and social enterprises.

The North

The Conservative Party proposes to revive mine training in Nunavut to increase the employment of Inuit in mining.

Digital Literacy

The Green Party and Liberal Party both mention digital literacy within the context of misinformation and preventing radicalization.

Credential Recognition

All parties mention credential recognition. The Conservative Party would create a Credential Recognition Task Force to develop a strategy.

The Green Party links accreditation recognition with greater funding for language training and employment skills.

The Liberal Party would continue its work with provinces, territories, and regulatory bodies.

The NDP would improve the process as well as working with provinces to address gaps in settlement services.

Armed Forces

The Conservative Party proposes several training measures for members of the armed forces including harmonizing trades training with the Red Seal program.

The Liberal Party would launch a National Veteran Employment Strategy including qualification recognition.

Who will get the call?

The federal government’s new Skills for Success program announced in May 2021 promised $298 million in funding over three years. Many of you were probably excited at the prospect of accessing those funds. However, unless you are among the select few invited to submit a proposal, at least for this fiscal year, you’re out of luck.

The Office of Skills for Success (formerly OLES) has listed its funding under a new (to me) category of “Funding opportunities for solicited organizations.” This category is “open to applicants invited by Employment and Social Development only.”

The Office of Literacy and Essential Skills (OLES) stopped issuing calls for proposals back in 2015. Since that time, I’ve heard through the grapevine that OLES has been inviting organizations to ‘bid’ on projects it has designed as well as accepting unsolicited proposals. This is the first time however that I’ve seen a formal public acknowledgement of the practice of inviting a pre-selected group to submit proposals.

Despite ending its calls for proposals, OLES managed to fund 144 projects from 2015-2016 until 2019-2020 according to Public Accounts. Fifty-eight individual organizations were listed as recipients (only those receiving more than $100,000 are named) over that five-year period. Those 58 organizations shared $80 million in project funding.

Now I’m sure the funded projects were all worthwhile but without a project database there’s no way of knowing what the projects were about. But my main point is the number of organizations the government works with is small. With the new “invitation only” approach, these 58 are the likely recipients of an invite but we’ll probably never know; transparency and accountability are missing.

Turns out OSS is not the only program using this new approach. As you can see from the screenshot below, this is now an accepted ESDC approach to funding. Makes me quite curious as to what the bureaucrats told the Minister about the reasons for recommending this approach as opposed to a public call for proposals, and how the invited groups are selected.

Maybe some of you have already received ‘the call’ while others are waiting for a call that will never come. Congratulations to the ‘in-crowd,’ whomever you are.

Wiping out the history of Essential Skills

Employment and Social Development Canada’s (ESDC) announcement that “Skills for Success” will replace the 25-year-old Essential Skills framework appears to have taken place with a simultaneous purge of anything to do with Essential Skills on federal government websites.

Searching for the official definition of the nine Essential Skills on Google brought me repeatedly to the “Skills for Success” website which does not list the nine Essential Skills. I was unable to find the old dedicated Essential Skills website. Finally, I was able to access the list with the definitions of the 9 skills via ESDC’s Skills and Competencies Taxonomy (although I hesitated to mention this for fear of it too being purged).

I then tried to find the Essential Skills Profiles. Turns out the standalone database is gone and the profiles are integrated into Job Bank Canada. If you’re looking for the profiles, the “Skills for Success” website eventually leads you to the Job Bank site after three clicks. The clicks are 1) For organizations and training providers – Skill Competencies and Proficiency Levels; 2) Useful Resources – Essential Skills Profiles (at the bottom of the page); 3) Essential Skills Profiles which brings you to the Job Bank. Not an easy trail to follow.

Not only has all the Essential Skills information been purged, the former Office of Literacy and Essential Skills project funding database has disappeared. While I have continually pointed out this database hadn’t been updated since about 2015, the fact that the historical record of funded projects has been expunged is disappointing. How can we build on past successes when no record remains?

I get that a new regime is entering the field. But that is no reason to remove all references to the old regime. I do not understand the reasons to wipe out history. The least the department could have done is archive the information.

Over the past twenty-five years, Essential Skills has become for many a ‘national standard.’ Hundreds of organizations, practitioners, trainers use the Essential Skills Framework and Profiles. The Framework and Profiles are embedded in the Red Seal program, the ESDC Taxonomy of Skills and Competencies, the Canadian Language Benchmarks, TOWES, hundreds of courses, assessment tools and training programs – in person and online, and provincial and territorial adult literacy curriculum frameworks.

What is the department’s expectation? Should everything and everyone pause until the department is able to present a fully formed framework?  The Skills for Success website states, “a number of Skills for Success job profiles will replace the ES profiles in the coming months.” A number? In the coming months? Good luck with that – there are 350 Essential Skills profiles developed over decades of work!

So far, “Skills for Success” contains only definitions and preliminary proficiency levels – no job profiles, no validated proficiency or complexity levels. It will take years to get “Skills for Success” to a level comparable to the Essential Skills project.

The Office of Skills for Success needs to lay out a transition plan to support the field as it moves towards this new skills framework. Part of that plan needs to acknowledge that people will continue to use the Essential Skills framework until it is replaced with a robust alternative and to make sure the supporting documentation is accessible.

Comparing Skills Frameworks

As I’ve mentioned previously, the lack of documentation on what other skills and competencies frameworks were reviewed and why the choices were made for Skills for Success limits understanding how and why the skills and definitions were developed. In thinking about the new Skills for Success framework, a comparison with other frameworks can be useful.

In the following table, I’ve tried to matched the skills from the Essential Skills Framework, Skills for Success, the Skills and Competencies Taxonomy and the Ontario Adult Literacy Curriculum Framework. The three latter frameworks acknowledge their roots in the Essential Skills Framework.

I appreciate that reducing the skills to a table does not do service to the complexity that lies beneath each framework. Please treat this table for what it is, my best guess at aligning the skills frameworks.

Note: the table doesn’t show well within this post, so please click on the link below and the PDF will open in a new window.

Skills Framework Comparison Table

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Some thoughts and comments about ESDC’s Skills for Success – Part II

I’m not an expert on the science behind the measurement of skills or the construction of competency frameworks. What I know I’ve learned from years of promoting to business and labour the need to address literacy issues in the workplace. I know that understanding what is required to perform a task is not simple, that requiring a certain grade level is not sufficient, and that ensuring people have the requisite literacy and essential skills is critical to success.

In this post I want to look at some the content of Skills for Success. The documentation is scant as I’ve mentioned before. I’ve based this blog post on the information contained in the Social Research and Demonstration Corporation’s (SRDC) publication Research Report to support the launch of Skills for Success: Structure, evidence and recommendations, the only background document posted on the Skills for Success website.

To be fair, throughout the report SRDC emphasizes the interim nature of its work:

“the range of actions, processes, and descriptors built into the constructs at this stage represent a provisional, not definitive, structure for each skill.”[1]

Each skill of the nine skills in the Skills for Success framework has a definition, a series of components and sub-components as well as an explanation as to why the skill is important. SRDC describe the components as “important sub-processes or behaviours that make up each skill.”[2] I’m not familiar with the use of the term component in the context of skills articulation.

I was surprised to see the use of the word ‘ability’ throughout the definitions. My understanding is that there is a difference between ‘skills’ and ‘abilities’ with skills being the “capabilities or proficiencies developed through training or hands-on experience. Skills are the practical application of theoretical knowledge,” while abilities are “the innate traits or talents that a person brings to a task or situation.”[3]

The focus on an individual’s abilities shifts the narrative. Under the ES Framework, for example, my own overall skills levels were not as important as whether I had the requisite skills to perform the task at hand, making it possible to possess greater skill levels than required. The focus on individual ability could lead to these skills being seen in a way similar to grade level attainment without referencing a particular context in which to apply the skills.

Integrating document use into reading, writing and numeracy is not something I would have suggested (and apparently others felt the same)[4]. Having spent years promoting workplace literacy to employers and labour, I saw that understanding the difference in using documents as opposed to reading books was a revelation for many. It opened many employers’ eyes to the value of workplace literacy programs based on improving document literacy. Using workplace documents to improve workplace and skills assessment performance changed how practitioners taught and how employers considered job skills. I would like to see more documentation on the pros and cons of this change.

I’m curious as to the differences between the Skills for Success skills and Employment and Social Development Canada’s (ESDC) newly created Skills and Competencies Taxonomy. As one report stated, “The absence of a common framework in Canada has led to the development of multiple classifications by governments and private firms alike.”[5] The Taxonomy is designed to:

…streamline terminology across a number of competency domains and concepts (e.g., skills, personal abilities and attributes, knowledge, interests), occupational work context, work activities, and tools and technology information, while aiming to improve the comparability of their incidence and application throughout occupations and sectors.

The Taxonomy was apparently constructed on a number of ESDC internal products including the Essential Skill profile/framework. Why not take the opportunity to align the skills definition? If not, then ESDC ought to outline the reasons for the differences between the two skills lists and the implications.

Supposedly there is to be a link between the Skills for Success skills and labour market outcomes, but the SRDC paper deals primarily with assessing the skills rather than validating these skills against real job tasks. With the Essential Skills framework, assessment tools came after the description and validation of the skills. The Essential Skills were validated through in-depth personal profiling of proficient workers across all entry-level National Occupational Classifications. Is a similar process planned for Skills for Success?

Much more information about the skills is needed. Are these skills discrete or do they overlap? Is there a hierarchy of skills with some being either more important or more foundational than the other?

Many questions about the soft skills remain unanswered, particularly since much of the research in this area deals with children.

• Are soft and social-emotional skills “foundational to technical and literacy skills development”[6] and how do we know that?
• How much do social-emotional “skills” mirror employer requirements or values about work? Assessment in the workplace is a high stakes operation – people’s jobs depend on having a reliable and valid assessment tool.
• How teachable are these ‘skills’ for adults?
• How can we measure these skills in adults?

I have questions about how cultural bias or mainstream constructs of work in the definitions could affect assessment and training. For example, how does one demonstrate that they “acknowledge and accept differences among people (e.g., characteristics, abilities, cultures, religions, values)”? Under “Demonstrate responsibility” is the component “Manage your time to demonstrate your understanding of limited resources (e.g., punctuality, not wasting time).” Does understanding mean accepting limited resources and not applying a critical lens to the way in which work is organized?

Much more work is needed before Skills for Success can be a viable framework, work that is acknowledged in the SRDC report:

…there will be opportunities to further refine the processes and facets within individual constructs as our understanding evolves with the significant work that still lies ahead in curriculum and assessment development, further engagement and testing with practitioners, and the inclusion of diverse voices.[7]

The Minister’s announcement and indeed the Skills for Success website leads one to believe there is a fully formed existing program that is ready to train up to 90,000 Canadians. I fear we are months if not years away from that program.

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[1] Social Research and Demonstration Corporation. Research report to support the launch of Skills for Success: Structure, evidence, and recommendations. May 2021. Page 12. https://www.srdc.org/news/srdc-releases-major-report-on-canadas-new-skills-for-success-model.aspx

[2] Social Research and Demonstration Corporation. Page 12.

[3] https://www.thebalancecareers.com/understanding-knowledge-skills-and-abilities-ksa-2275329

[4] See Social Research and Demonstration Corporation. Page 54.

[5] Public Policy Forum. Skills Next: Competency Frameworks and Canada’s Essential Skills. Prepared by David Gyarmati, Janet Lane, and Scott Murray. November 2020. https://ppforum.ca/publications/skills-next-competency-frameworks-and-canadas-essential-skills/

[6] Social Research and Demonstration Corporation. Page 33

[7] Social Research and Demonstration Corporation. Page 12.

New ESDC Funding Program – June 30th deadline

Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC) has announced a Call for Proposal for a new program “Women’s Employment Readiness Pilot Program.”

The program is a response to the COVID-19 pandemic which negatively affected women. The program targets four groups of women:

• racialized and/or Indigenous women
• women with disabilities
• women from the LGBTQ2 community
• women who have been out of the workforce for a long time

As is ESDC’s usual stipulation, the projects must be national in scope, i.e., 2 or more provinces/territories.

Eligible activities are 1) test pre-employment and skills development supports and 2) test models to improve workplace inclusivity. Pre-employment and skills development supports are “are foundational and transferable skills training (including literacy and essential skills training or the Skills for Success Model) and wrap-around supports.”

I was pleased to see the inclusion of wrap-around supports, an area all to often ignored by funders. The Call for Proposals gives the following examples of wrap around supports:

• childcare
• living expenses
• transportation
• appropriate work clothing
• mentorship
• sponsorship

This funding program will be of interest to literacy and training organizations, industry associations, labour and employers.

I know that most adult literacy, adult education and training programs already work in these areas and would welcome the opportunity to apply their knowledge and skills to address the challenges facing these groups of women.

The deadline for proposals is June 30th which is a very short timeline for building a national project.

For information about the funding program, please go to:

Women’s Employment Readiness Pilot Program

Some thoughts and comments about ESDC’s Skills for Success – Part I

Full disclosure – back in the early 1990s I was a member of the advisory committee that worked on the Essential Skills Framework. During my fourteen years at the National Literacy Secretariat, I recommended funding for all the major essential skills projects including TOWES and practitioner training. I appreciated the focus on the requirements of the task which in my mind helped avoid labelling the individual and supported efforts where the Essential Skills Framework was appropriately used in workplace projects[1]. However, I recognize how the merging of literacy and essential skills (LES) by the federal government and the move towards funding projects that only deal with employment has significantly altered the landscape in Canada. Skills for Success takes this trend and firmly plants the federal government’s involvement as one connected only with jobs. Many provinces and territories followed suit.

From the outset of the Essential Skills Modernization process, I’ve been struck by the lack of information about the development the new Skills for Success framework. The only formal document on the model is Social Research and Demonstration Corporation’s (SRDC) Research report to support the launch of Skills for Success: Structure, evidence, and recommendations. I find it odd that a major federal government initiative’s only public documentation is a paper from a non-government organization.

I have been unable to find any documentation to support the new definitions or components. Previous work by SRDC focuses on assessing these skills, not defining them. Having a document that shows the work of why these skills, why these definitions, why these components would clarify the reasons behind the changes and their import. This is the equivalent of the math teacher who demands a student show their work, even if the answer is correct.

From bits and pieces I’ve picked up over the past two years, I understand there was an advisory group and a working group. But the outcomes of their deliberations are not publicly accessible. Consultations have taken place but with whom and what outcomes is again not available. The original Essential Skills consultations involved over 3,000 employers, practitioners, and stakeholders. From the outset, the skills were described in relation to occupations (initially entry-level ones).[2] The SRDC report only references inputs from Essential Skills practitioners making me wonder if there are separate reports of consultations with the education sector, employers, labour, and the research community. How do we know that these skills are what employers are looking for? What do the provinces and territories think of this new regime?

Prior to Skills for Success, ESDC had integrated the Essential Skills into 350 Job Profiles which form the backbone of the federal Job Bank database. They were integrated into the National Occupational Standards as well as Red Seal occupations. The Essential Skills framework could be found embedded in the Ontario Adult Literacy Curriculum, the Ontario Skills Passport, the Canadian Language Benchmarks, various provincial and territorial benchmark schemes as well as literacy and training programs[3].

However, no advice is given by ESDC about the fate of these efforts. Do literacy practitioners merely ‘search and replace’ Essential Skills with Skills for Success? It took over 25 years to get from the definitions of Essential Skills to a fully robust system. A transition plan to bring Skills for Success to fruition is certainly in order. Part of that plan must be the cost of converting existing systems. What would it take to re-profile 350 jobs according to Skills for Success and is that even on the agenda? What is the cost of re-tooling TOWES and other assessment tools aligned to Essential Skills and who will bear that cost?

In fact, ESDC appears to have removed all references to Essential Skills. The Skills and Competencies Taxonomy site links to the Essential Skills; however, when you click, you’re brought to Skills for Success. Google Essential Skills and all ESDC links lead you to Skills for Success. An official list of Essential Skills definitions is only available on the Taxonomy site.

I have to say I’m not a fan of the term “Skills for Success.” Google it and you find hundreds of references – books, programs, and schools with that name (makes me wonder about copyright issues). Many of these are aimed at school age children. Since 2016, it has been the name of the NWT’s four-year training and employment plan.

Skills for Success as it exists today is an idea, it is not a fully formed framework or program. Much more effort and many years are required before it can be operationalized. In the meanwhile, ESDC should continue to provide documents and resources about the Essential Skills framework. It should also develop a transition plan to guide practitioners and other users of Essential Skills over the coming months. Finally, full disclosure and transparency about the process, the definitions, the plans is needed so all stakeholders, not only those already involved in Essential Skills, can understand and participate in the development and validation of this new skills framework.

[1] The impact of extending Essential Skills to non-workplace settings is explored in Adult Literacy in Canada 2017, Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE) Literacy Program, prepared by Margerit Roger. 2018.

[2] To understand the Essential Skills development process please see, Debra L. Mair, “The Development of Occupational Essential Skills Profiles” in Maurice C. Taylor (ed.), Workplace Education: The Changing Landscape. 1997.

[3] Some of the ways that Essential Skills has been integrated are discussed in, Centre for Literacy Summer Institute 2013. IALS and Essential Skills in Canada Literacy Policy and Practice: A descriptive overview. Prepared by Brigid Hayes. July 2013.

What is Skills for Success?

Last week, the Minister of Employment, Workforce Development and Disability Inclusion, Carla Qualtrough, launched a new skills training program called Skills for Success. The program aims to provide training to 90,000 Canadians and help them get back to work. Specifically,

Skills for Success will fund organizations to provide tools, resources, and training to Canadians of all ages and at all skill levels. Developed with the assistance of key stakeholders, it will focus on the nine main skills that Canadians need to adapt and thrive in today’s economy.

Skills for Success is the culmination of an effort led by the Office of Literacy and Essential Skills (OLES), now designated the Office of Skills for Success, to renew and modernize the Essential Skills Framework. That framework was devised in the early 1990s to understand the skills required to carry out a wide variety of everyday life and work tasks. The framework has been widely used across Canada by governments, industry, educational institutions, and practitioners to understand skill requirements, i.e., what skills and at what level are required to perform a specific task.

In 2018, OLES began an exercise to ‘modernize’ the Essential Skills Framework. Skills for Success is described as an ‘updated’ version of that framework.

The Minister’s statement appears to have announced a new program with a fully realized skills framework. However, my review of the Skills for Success website https://www.canada.ca/en/services/jobs/training/initiatives/skills-success.html leads me to believe that it is still early days.

What we do know about the new framework is contained in Social Research and Demonstration Corporation’s (SRDC) Research Report to support the launch of Skills for Success: Structure, evidence and recommendations

I’ve waded through the 93-page report to attempt to understand the new framework and its implications. In this post, I’ll try to give an overview of Skills for Success. In a subsequent post, I’ll share some of my reactions and analysis.

The report supports the roll-out of Skills for Success by “providing the necessary structure, evidence, and recommendations that could help inform the development of measures and learning materials aligned with the framework in the longer-run.” What we have in this report are definitions of the new set of skills, preliminary proficiency descriptors and ideas of how to proceed to develop assessment tools.

Skills for Success sticks with nine skills, but with some crucial differences from the Essential Skills Framework. Document literacy is embedded in reading, writing and numeracy. Some skills are updated: communication, collaboration and digital skills replacing oral communication, working with others and computer use. Two new skills are articulated – adaptability and creativity and innovation.

What’s Changed? From ‘Essential Skills’ to ‘Skills for Success’Download

Skills for Success moves from the Essential Skills Framework in other ways. The ES Framework descriptions were based on the skills needed to do a task. The Skills for Success definitions reference what an individual has the ability to do. For example, compare:

Skill	ES Framework	Skills for Success
Reading	Reading refers to the skills needed to understand and apply information found in sentences and paragraphs.	Reading is your ability to find, understand, and use information presented through words, symbols, and images.

Even though Skills for Success is positioned as a modernized ES Framework, in many ways it appears to be a national curriculum framework focused on how to teach the skills. The SRDC paper focuses on skills definitions, proficiency levels, assessment tools, learning tasks and training programs – reminding me of the Ontario Adult Literacy Curriculum Framework. There is a heavy emphasis on measurement with some 40 pages devoted to developing assessment tools to measure each of the skills.

The paper recognizes the challenges associated with the introduction of socio-emotional skills such as creativity and innovation and adaptability. Work is required to ensure these skills are “learnable, demonstrable and repeatable processes” rather than personal attributes. These skills are also subject to mainstream values and cultural variations. Measurement and assessment will be challenging, e.g., how do you assess, “Value diversity and inclusivity of others”?

The report is clear that much work remains. A detailed manual for practitioners, professional development opportunities for practitioners, assessment development, program development and national certification for Skills for Success practitioners are on the to-do list. “Large scale pilot testing, validation, and analysis to ensure reliability and validity in the measurement of the skills and associated constructs” is recommended.

What was announced last week was the beginning of an idea, a framework, which still needs much work before it becomes a reality.

More news about Skills for Success

Last month’s federal budget announced, with few details, a new program called Skills for Success to help Canadians at all skill levels improve their foundational and transferable skills (see my post Federal Budget 2021)

Today brought a bit more clarity to this new program.

The first piece of information came via an SRDC (Social Research Demonstration Corporation) paper entitled Research report to support the launch of Skills for Success: Structure, evidence, and recommendations.

SRDC Skills for Success: Structure, evidence and recommendationsDownload

The report makes clear that the Essential Skills Framework has been re-branded as Skills for Success. The report also connects this new iteration of the framework to the federal government’s Skills for Success program.

The second piece of information came via a web search which landed on a new Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC) web page dedicated to Skills for Success (https://www.canada.ca/en/services/jobs/training/initiatives/skills-success.html). The website lays out the new skills framework. It also has links to skills assessment tools and skills training tools. My sense from a quick read is that the Skills for Success model will tightly link assessment and training based on the new skills framework.

A button leads to a page to apply for funding but with the statement that funding opportunities are closed. Guess we’ll have to wait a while longer to find out how to access the promised $298 million over the next three years.

News to me is that the Office of Literacy and Essential Skills (OLES) appears to have morphed into the Office of Skills for Success. I’m basing this observation on a database of 38 projects supposedly funded by the Office of Skills for Success since 2017, but actually funded by OLES. Eleven of these were featured in the 2019 OLES publication Essential Skills Playbook.

I could not see any obvious reason to choose these 38 projects to include in the database out of more than 120 projects funded since 2017-2018. I’m sure many of the groups listed in the database would be surprised to find their projects now listed as Office of Skills for Success projects.

It seems to me that ESDC has completed the shift away from literacy to a work-related notion of foundational skills. In and of itself this is not necessarily a bad thing as there are good reasons to link these skills to the world of work. But it does beg the question of where adult literacy and learning now lies within the federal government.

I plan to take some time to digest the SRDC report and get my head around the new skills framework. At first glance, the framework was developed and validated by leading practitioners and researchers in the field which is a good thing. I will be particularly interested in how soft and social-emotional skills have been defined and operationalized.

Federal Budget 2021

This afternoon, the Minister of Finance, Chrystia Freeland, delivered her first budget. Budget 2021 is shaped by the reality of COVID-19 and the post-pandemic recovery. Throughout the budget there is a strong focus on its impact on women, diversity, and inclusivity. The budget casts a wide net with an amazing range of programs and initiatives – perhaps, as some commentators have noted, more of a pre-election campaign outline.

Budget 2021 has several elements of interest to those involved in literacy, essential skills, and adult skills training. The most significant is the announcement of a new program called “Skills for Success.” The program directly addresses the lack of literacy, numeracy, and digital skills of 45% of Canadians (it looks like they used PIAAC levels 1 and 2, omitting the 3.8% below level 1).

Budget 2021 proposes to invest $298 million over three years, beginning in 2021-22, through Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC), in a new Skills for Success program that would help Canadians at all skills levels improve their foundational and transferable skills.

Organizations will be funded to design and deliver foundational skills training as well as transferable and soft skills. In addition, community organizations working with marginalized groups to improve their literacy and numeracy skills can be funded through the program. Assessments and training resources will be created and available for free online. The budget estimates 90,000 Canadians will benefit from the program. Funding would begin in 2021-2022 and ramp up over 3 years ($65m; $108m; and $125m).

This is a significant recognition on the part of the federal government of literacy and essential skills. In terms of money, it is astounding when compared to the annual budget of $23.3m administered by the Office of Literacy and Essential Skills (OLES).

I especially was pleased to see that the funding would go to organizations to deliver programming rather than to individuals, formal accredited institutions, or employers. This is the first time since the Harper government introduced the Canada Job Grant (CJG) in 2014 that “organizations” are to be funded directly for basic skills training. The CJG funded employers to access training from colleges, private career colleges, union training centres, and industry association. Community-based and non-profit organizations did not benefit from that initiative. From what little information is provided in the budget, it would appear the program could fund efforts in both the community and the workplace.

However, I do wonder how the provinces and territories will view this program. Traditionally the federal government does not fund direct delivery, since the usual division of powers sees that happening via the provinces and territories. The proposed Skills for Success program budget is small compared to the $3b the feds send to the provinces and territories annually for workplace training (Labour Market Development Agreements and the Workforce Development Agreements). Hopefully, the provinces and territories will see this program as a helpful complement to their own initiatives funded through the under the LMDAs and WDAs.

Other skills-related programs proposed in the budget include an ESDC initiative, Sectoral Workforce Solutions Program ($960m/3years), to work with sector associations and employers to provide training and a Community Workforce Development Program ($55m/3 years) to support communities to develop local plans identifying growth organizations, connect employers with training providers, and provide training and work placements. This program will be delivered by ESDC and Service Canada. Again, I will be watching how the Community Workforce Development Program fits with provincial and territorial programs especially in those provinces with robust community-based labour market and economic development structures. Both programs could well use the expertise of literacy and essential skills organizations.

Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada will receive $250m over three years to scale-up proven third party delivered approaches to upskill and re-deploy workers. The target for this program are those whose jobs have shifted due to shifts in the economy and who need to find new jobs in newer industries. Work already underway through Decoda Literacy Solutions on displaced workers including its national beta sites aimed at testing new approaches anticipated this new program.

A federal pilot, Racialized Newcomer Women, will be extended for two more years with a $15m investment. The program supported employment related services including networking, employment counselling, and paid work placements.

First Nations peoples on reserve will be able to benefit from a program supporting their return to high school in their communities and complete their high school education.

I would also point at a few additional elements in the budget not directly related to skills.

The government is continuing its efforts to support universal broadband with a further $1 billion over six years in addition to previous budget announcements. The unevenness of internet access, speed and reliability have been major obstacles for those wanting to access services and training during the pandemic. Most literacy organizations have pivoted to online learning, but their efforts have only been as good as the digital infrastructure in their communities.

The federal government will be providing financial support to Aurora College in the NWT for its efforts to transform into a polytechnical institute. This follows on the earlier federal government support to Yukon College to do the same.

In a significant move, and thanks to the efforts of Imagine Canada, the budget acknowledges the role of charities, non-profits, and social purpose organizations. The budget proposes renewing the Investment Readiness Program for $50m over two years to support charities, non-profits, and social purpose organizations in capacity-building activities such as business plan development, expanding products and services, skills development and hiring. These activities are designed to create greater involvement in social financing. This program complements a Social Finance Fund designed to attract private sector capital.

In recognition of the strain the pandemic has placed on the charitable and non-profit sector the government is creating a temporary Community Services Recovery Fund of $400m to help these organizations adapt and modernize. These last three programs are the responsibility of ESDC.

Budget 2021 serves the adult literacy and essential skills community well. Skills for Success will be a boost to the literacy community whose federal funding has been stagnant for years. But I would conclude with a caveat. The budget needs to be passed and the current government needs to remain in power for all this to come to fruition. With a minority government and rumblings of an election sometime this year, I’m not holding my breath.